Residential Care

Residential care refers to any group living arrangement where children are looked after by paid staff in a specially designated facility. It covers a wide variety of settings ranging from emergency shelters and small group homes, to larger-scale institutions such as orphanages or children’s homes. As a general rule, residential care should only be provided on a temporary basis, for example while efforts are made to promote family reintegration or to identify family based care options for children. In some cases however, certain forms of residential care can operate as a longer-term care solution for children.

Residential care can be a positive alternative for some girls and boys when it is used appropriately and meets certain standards. For example, small group home living arrangements or supported independent living can work well in cases where children (often older teenagers) don’t feel comfortable in a family setting, or where large groups of siblings want to stay together. Similarly in cases where children have suffered trauma, severe abuse or neglect, have a severe disability or require specialised support, small group settings where trained staff can provide therapeutic care may be an appropriate care option. As much as possible, residential facilities should be small, community-based, organised to resemble a family-type or small-group situation and allow for sufficient staff to provide individualised attention to children.

It is important to distinguish between residential care and institutional care, which should only be used as a last and temporary resort for children. Institutional care refers to large-scale group care within big institutional facilities and has been associated with a wide range of problems for children including physical, social and emotional under-development - with babies and infants under the age of three especially vulnerable to lasting harm. Long periods in an institution can deprive children of positive individual attention from consistent caregivers, make it difficult for them to assimilate back into a family and community, and are often linked to increased risk of sexual and physical abuse, a lack of stimulation, and harsh discipline.

In recent years, deinstitutionalisation has been at the heart of national care reform efforts, which seek to reduce reliance on institutional care and to promote family and community based care options for children instead. This includes efforts to promote ethical volunteerism within residential care centres, educate donors and to avoid proliferation of orphanages and children’s homes after humanitarian emergencies.

The documents in this section outline residential care options for children, examine the damaging impact of institutions, explore family and community-based care alternatives and describe care reform efforts including initiatives around ethical volunteerism.

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Children Without Parents - A Ghanaian Case Study

Nana Apt - Centre for Social Policy Studies, University of Ghana, 01 May 1997

This chapter provides an overview of a child care institution, the Osu Children’s Home, in Ghana.

Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission - Commonwealth of Australia, 1997

This report from Australia's Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission aimed to trace the past laws, practices and policies which resulted in the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families by compulsion, duress or undue influence, and the effects of those laws, practices and policies.

Guidelines for the Design of Centres for Street Children

Barbara Brink, UNESCO, 1997

Ideas and country examples on how to create or transform an educational centre for children living and working on the street.

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The socioemotional development of orphans in orphanages and traditional foster care in Iraqi Kurdistan

Abdulbaghi Ahmad and Kirmanj Mohamad, 06 Mar 1996

In order to investigate orphans' situation and development in Iraqi Kurdistan, samples from the two available orphan care systems, the traditional foster care and the modem orphanages, are examined at an index test and at 1-year follow-up regardin

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Chinese Orphanages: A Follow-Up

Human Rights Watch/Asia, 01 Mar 1996

This report is a follow up to HRW/Asia's publication of "Death By Default" on January 7, 1996, which found that most orphaned or abandoned children in China die within one year of their admittance to state-run orphanages and that the government does little or nothing to prevent this loss of life—despite the modest economic cost of so doing.

Roofs and Roots. The Care of Separated Children in the Developing World

David Tolfree , 17 Feb 1995

Save the Children’s research and analysis of residential care services and the need for alternative non-institutional approaches for children separated from their families. This book examines policy and practices from work in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Eastern and Central Europe.

The Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 Guidance and Regulations: Residential Care

Northern Ireland Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, 1995

A comprehensive document outlining standards for residential care in Northern Ireland.

Cambodia Alternative Care Case Study

Martin James Foundation,

As part of phase one of the development of the Martin James Foundation's Asia Care Network, comprehensive studies of the care system in each country were conducted to highlight the need for developing alternative care systems across South-East Asia. This case study highlights relevant data from Cambodia.

Thailand Alternative Care Case Study

Khadijah Madihi & Sahra Brubeck - Key Assets & The Nippon Foundation,

Myanmar Alternative Care Case Study

Martin James Foundation,